This research was developed to accurately evaluate the unstable fractures of thoracolumbar before and after surgery and discuss the treatment timing and methods. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element method was adopted to construct the T₁₂-L₅ segment model of human body. The efficiency of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) and percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP), two commonly used internal fixation procedures, was retrospectively compared. A total of 150 patients with chest fracture who received PKP or PVP surgery in our hospital, and 104 patients with the same symptoms who received conservative treatment were collected and randomly rolled into PVP group (75 cases), PKP group (75 cases), and control group (104 cases). Visual analog scale (VAS) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI) of patients were collected before and after surgery and 2, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Then, the anterior and central height of the patient’s cone and the kyphosis angle were calculated by X-ray. Lumbar minimally invasive fusion system and lumbar pedicle screw rod system were established by computer-aided design (CAD), and the biomechanical characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that there was no substantial difference in VAS score and ODI score between PKP and PVP (P > 0.05), but they were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The anterior edge and middle height of vertebra in the two groups were higher than those in control group (P < 0.05), and the increase in PKP group was more substantial (P < 0.05). The kyphosis of the two groups was smaller than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the decrease of the kyphosis of the PKP group was more substantial (P < 0.05). In summary, the thoracolumbar segment model established by 3D finite element method was an effective model, and it was verified on patients that both PKP and PVP could achieve relatively satisfactory efficacy. The implantation of the new internal fixation system had no obvious effect on the lumbar movement. This work provided a novel idea and method for the treatment of senile thoracolumbar unstable fracture, as well as experimental data of biomechanics for the operation of senile unstable fracture.