Under whole body vibration, how the cement augmentation affects the vibration characteristic of the osteoporotic fusion lumbar spine, complications, and fusion outcomes is unclear. A L1-L5 lumbar spine finite element model was developed to simulate a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) model with bilateral pedicle screws at L4-L5 level, a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement-augmented TLIF model (TLIF-PMMA) and an osteoporotic TLIF model. A 40 N sinusoidal vertical load at 5 Hz and a 400 N preload were utilized to simulate a vertical vibration of the human body and the physiological compression caused by muscle contraction and the weight of human body. The results showed that PMMA cement augmentation may produce a stiffer pedicle screw/rod construct and decrease the risk of adjacent segment disease, subsidence, and rod failure under whole-body vibration(WBV). Cement augmentation might restore the disc height and segmental lordosis and decrease the risk of poor outcomes, but it might also increase the risk of cage failure and prolong the period of lumbar fusion under WBV. The findings may provide new insights for performing lumbar interbody fusion in patients affected by osteoporosis of the lumbar spine. Graphical abstract.