Background:

The literature describing the complications following kyphoplasty is limited. This case report is a reminder that novel therapeutic strategies can be associated with unexpected complications.

Case summary:

A 61-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative lumbar disc disease underwent open posterior instrumented fusion with bilateral open L2 vertebroplasty elsewhere. A month after discharge, she presented to our institution with acute chest pain and dyspnoea. A subsequent gated cardiac computed tomography (CT) angiogram showed three distinct cardiopulmonary emboli. One of the cement fragments had perforated the inferior wall of the right ventricle close to the base of the posterior tricuspid valve leaflet with a moderate circumferential pericardial effusion. Operative extraction of multiple cement emboli as well as repair of the tricuspid valve was pursued. Postoperative echocardiogram showed trivial tricuspid regurgitation after repair. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged from the hospital on postoperative Day 5.

Discussion:

Cement embolization following kyphoplasty can be associated with serious complications such as vascular injury, hypoxaemia, pulmonary artery obstruction, and cardiac perforation. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion as cement embolism may not always present acutely.