Intraoperative Electromyography in Awake Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Case Study on Nerve Activation Under the Effects of Local Anesthesia


doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000962.


Online ahead of print.

Affiliations

Item in Clipboard

Zaman Wehab et al.


J Clin Neurophysiol.


.

Abstract

With the versatility of lumbar spine surgery continually expanding, intraoperative electromyography (EMG) has become a common adjunct used to reduce risk of nerve injury and postoperative neurologic deficit. EMG monitoring has been deemed particularly useful in the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. A more recent evolution of the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion entails complete percutaneous access to the disc through Kambin’s triangle, followed by a percutaneous lumbar interbody fusion. Given the lack of direct visualization of nervous structures with percutaneous entrance into the disc, there is risk of injury to surrounding nervous structures with this approach. In effort to reduce risk of nerve injury, application of triggered EMG to gauge proximity of nervous tissue has been evaluated. Recently, patients presenting with contraindications or concerns for general anesthesia have been offered the alternative to undergo their procedure with spinal anesthesia, allowing them to remain awake. Spinal anesthesia entails intrathecal administration of local anesthetic, which mechanistically acts to reduce overall excitability of surrounding neural structures. However, nerve activation under conditions of local anesthetic is relatively unknown, and the ability of triggered EMG monitoring to reliably detect nerve proximity becomes questionable. This case report demonstrates nerve activation at thresholds comparable with those seen under general anesthesia. Although this has sparked interest in the possibility that local anesthetic may not remarkably affect nerve excitability as measured by triggered EMG activation, further investigation is recommended to reliably apply triggered EMG monitoring in awake spine surgery.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose.

References

    1. Wang TY, Mehta VA, Gabr M, et al. Percutaneous lumbar interbody fusion with an expandable titanium cage through kambin’s triangle: a case series with initial clinical and radiographic results. Int J Spine Surg 2021;15:1133–1141.

    1. Abbasi H. Physiologic decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis through anatomic restoration using trans-kambin oblique lateral posterior lumbar interbody fusion (OLLIF): a retrospective analysis. Cureus 2020;12:e11716.

    1. Ao S, Zheng W, Wu J, et al. Comparison of Preliminary clinical outcomes between percutaneous endoscopic and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar degenerative diseases in a tertiary hospital: is percutaneous endoscopic procedure superior to MIS-TLIF? A prospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2020;76:136–143.

    1. Zhu L, Cai T, Shan Y, Zhang W, Zhang L, Feng X. Comparison of clinical outcomes and complications between percutaneous endoscopic and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative lumbar disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Physician 2021;24:441–452.

    1. Galloway G. Electromyography. In: Husain AM, editor. A practical approach to neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing; 2015: 66–74.

Share on facebook
Facebook
Share on twitter
Twitter
Share on linkedin
LinkedIn
Share on vk
VK
Share on pinterest
Pinterest
Close Menu