Targeted percutaneous laser disc decompression (T-PLDD) is a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). However, the amount of energy required is large and the nerve can be easily damaged. Therefore, this technology requires improvement. The present study aimed to observe the effects of using a modified optical fiber (Mod) in T-PLDD for the treatment of LDH. A retrospective study was conducted using the database of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao, China). In total, 58 patients who received T-PLDD with the Mod between June 2011 and May 2012 were included in the present study. The 10-point numeric rating score, pain rating index and good-to-excellent rating at 3 months (1.64±0.97; 5.79±1.57; 94.8%) were lower than those at 1 week (5.12±1.37; 11.52±1.85; 74.2%), and at 1 month (3.26±1.41; 7.83±1.31; 82.8%; P<0.05) and were maintained for up to 36 months (1.48±0.86; 4.91±1.43; 96.5%). The Oswestry disability index and 12-item Short Form Health Survey at 6 months (24.56±6.78; 69.40±5.08) were improved compared with 1 week, 1 month and 3 months, and were maintained for 36 months (23.10±6.20; 70.89±5.39). The T2 value decreased at 1 week (76±8) and returned to normal at 3 months (152±11). Additionally, patients in the Young group (<50 years old) recovered in a shorter period of time than the patients in the Elderly group. In conclusion, the patients stayed in hospital for 3.34±0.66 days; pain decreased and function increased optimally at 3-6 months and was maintained for 36 months with no serious complications. Individuals <50 years old may be more suitable candidates for T-PLDD with the Mod. The Mod should be applied and promoted in T-PLDD, and its use should be considered in the clinical setting.